Description
Anatomy of the adrenal gland.- Indications for adrenalectomy.- Open versus Minimally Invasive approach.- Retroperitoneoscopic versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy.- Retroperitoneoscopic approach in malignant disease.- Anesthesia in posterior retroperitoneoscopic approach.- Technical steps of posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy.- Intraoperative complications.- Management of vascular injuries (IVC).- Converting to open surgery.- Final outcomes.- Robotic surgery and innovation.
