Description
Blood substitutes are solutions designed for use in patients who need blood transfusions, but for whom whole blood is not available, or is not safe. This interest has intensified in the wake of the AIDS and hepatitis C epidemics. Blood Substitutes describes the rationale, current approaches, clinical efficacy, and design issues for all blood substitutes now in clinical trials. The many summary diagrams and tables help make the book accessible to readers such as surgeons and blood bankers, who have less technical expertise than the biochemists and hematologists who are designing and testing blood substitutes. Section 1: Background Introduction Chapter 1: Historical Background Chapter 2: Transfusion Medicine Chapter 3: Regulatory Perspectives on Clinical Trials for Oxygen Therapeutics in Trauma and Transfusion Practice Section 2: Physiological Basis Introduction Chapter 4: Clinical Physiology: Oxygen Transport and the Transfusion Trigger Chapter 5: The Role of Oxygen and Hemoglobin Diffusion in Oxygen Transport by Cell-free Hemoglobins Chapter 6: Oxygen Transport Properties of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers: Studies using Artificial Capillaries and Mathematical Simulation Chapter 7: Mechanisms of Oxygen Transport in the Microcirculation: Effects of Cell-Free Oxygen Carriers Chapter 8: Shear Stress Mechanotransduction and the Flow Properties of Blood Chapter 9: Local Regulation of Blood Flow Section 3: Clinical Applications Introduction Chapter 10: Clinical Indications for Blood Substitutes and Optimal Properties Chapter 11: Crystalloid Solutions Chapter 12: Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Resuscitative Solutions for Trauma and Combat Casualty Care Chapter 13: Surgical Hemorrhage Chapter 14: Clinical Trials in Cardiac Surgery Chapter 15: Hemodilution Chapter 16: Clinical Hemodilution Chapter 17: Potential for Blood Substitutes in Tissue Ischemia Section 4: Toxicity and Side Effects Introduction Chapter 18: Redox and Radical Reactions of Hemoglobin Solutions: Toxicities and Protective Strategies Chapter 19: Pro-Oxidant Activity of Hemoglobin and Endothelial Cytotoxicity Chapter 20: Renal Toxicity Chapter 21: Hemoglobin and Neurotoxicity Chapter 22: The Role of Inflammation in the Toxicity of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers Chapter 23: Hemoglobin-Induced Myocardial Lesions Section 5: Perfluorocarbon-Based Oxygen Carriers Introduction Chapter 24: Fluorocarbon Emulsions as in vivo Oxygen Delivery Systems: Background and Chemistry Chapter 25: Fluosol: The First Commercial Injectable Perfluorocarbon Oxygen Carrier Chapter 26: Perftoran Chapter 27: Rational Development of Oxyfluor(TM) Chapter 28: Oxygent(TM), a Perfluorochemical-Based Oxygen Therapeutic for Surgical Patients Section 6: Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers Introduction Chapter 29: The Structural and Functional Properties of Hemoglobin and their Relevance for a Hemoglobin-Based Blood Substitute Chapter 30: Hemoglobin Modification Chapter 31: Designing Recombinant Hemoglobin for Use as a Blood Substitute Chapter 32: Design, Conformational, Functional and Physiological Characterization of Recombinant Polymeric Heme-Proteins Chapter 33: aa-Crosslinked Hemoglobin Chapter 34: DCLHb and rHb1.1 Chapter 35: Clinical Studies with DCLHb Chapter 36: Hemopure (HBOC-201, Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 (Bovine)): Preclinical Studies Chapter 37: HBOC-201 (Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 (Bovine), Hemopure): Clinical Studies Chapter 38: Polyhemoglobin-Enzymes as New-Generation Blood Substitutes and Oxygen Therapeutics Chapter 39: Surface Decoration of Hemoglobin with Polyethylene Glycol Chapter 40: Hemospan (MP4), A Human Hemoglobin Modified with Maleimide-Polyethylene Glycol Chapter 41: Dextran-Hemoglobin Chapter 42: Development of Non-Extravasating Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers Section 7: Liposomes and Related Products Introduction Chapter 43: Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin: History, Preparation and Evaluation Chapter 44: Hemoglobin Vesicles as a Molecular Assembly: Characteristics of Preparation Process and Performances as Artificial Oxygen Carriers Chapter 45: Nanodimension Biodegradable Polymeric Membrane Artificial Red Blood Cells Chapter 46: Albumin-Heme: A Synthetic Heme-Based Oxygen Carrier
